Determination of Exploitable Coefficient of Coral Island Freshwater Lens Considering the Integrated Effects of Lens Growth and Contraction

Groundwater on small coral islands (so-called freshwater lens) is an important water resource for residents and local ecosystems. However, overexploitation of it may induce a contamination by saltwater. In this paper, we strive to determine the exploitable coefficient lens considering integrated effects growth contraction examine impacts well layout schemes evolution lens. For purpose, numerical model setup simulate saltwater upconing recovery process under pumping conditions during different stages. Our results show that long-term higher intensity activities are suggested be conducted at latter stage evolution. Meanwhile, seasonal caused variation in rainfall characterized quicker response center thickness than maximum lens, which further intensity. The also indicate (?) island generally smaller inland areas, ranging from 0.09 0.37 schemes. Additionally, affected uncertainty hydrogeological parameters. Finally, safe proposed most unfavorable parameter combination studied island. study has implications protection sustainable exploitation subsurface resources